Advanced PC Architecture

by Buchanan, William; Wilson, Austin

Edition: 1st

ISBN13: 9780201398588

ISBN10: 0201398583

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 2001-01-01

Publisher(s): Addison-Wesley Professional

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Summary

The first book ever to give a complete picture of the workings of a PC! A comprehensive guide to the component systems of the PC, this book provides a foundation to the understanding of previous, current and future PC systems, and how the specification of each component of a PC affects the overall system performance.The book outlines each of the main PC processors and contrasts their performance. It also examines each of the main interface devices and shows how they integrate into the main systems.If you are an undergraduate or professional looking for a complete understanding of the internal architecture of the PC, and how it is changing, this book is for you. It explains how systems have evolved from the original PC, keeping its compatibility with previous systems, whilst increasing its power. It also provides an insight into how the PC will evolve in the future.Key chapters: Motherboards - Analyses typical motherboards and shows how each of the components interfaces together, and how the architecture affects the system performance. Memory - Shows how chache memory and DRAM memory interface to the system and the processor. PCI bus - Discusses the fundamentals of the PCI bus and shows its importance in the architecture of modern PCs. On-line multiple choice tests for students On-line PowerPoint/HTML slides of all the graphics from the book. 0201398583B04062001

Preface	p. vii
Introduction	p. 1
Pre-PC Development	p. 1
8008/8080/8085	p. 7
8086/8088	p. 13
80186/80188	p. 19
80286	p. 20
Post-PC Development	p. 21
Top 15 Achievers and Under-achievers	p. 39
History of Computer Systems	p. 44
Exercises	p. 46
DEC	p. 52
Note from the Author	p. 54
PC Basics	p. 56
PC Systems	p. 56
Practical PC System	p. 57
Buses	p. 58
Interrupts	p. 70
Interfacing	p. 79
Exercises	p. 84
Note from the Author	p. 86
Introduction to Intel Processors	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
Intel Range	p. 88
Memory Addressing	p. 93
8088 Microprocessor	p. 95
View Inside the Processor	p. 100
Exercises	p. 101
8086 Basics	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Assembly Language Elements	p. 104
Timing	p. 111
Moving Data Around in Memory	p. 113
Equates	p. 114
Exercises	p. 114
Data Definition	p. 117
Assembler Directives	p. 118
8086 Reference	p. 119
80486	p. 124
Introduction	p. 124
80486 Pin Out	p. 124
80386/80486 Registers	p. 128
Memory Cache	p. 128
Exercises	p. 138
80486 Microprocessor Signals	p. 138
Bus Cycles, Bus Controller and Direct Memory Access	p. 151
Introduction	p. 151
Bus Cycles	p. 151
Bus Controller	p. 157
Direct Memory Access	p. 165
Exercises	p. 170
CMOS, Memory and I/O	p. 171
CMOS	p. 171
Memory	p. 173
Input/output Memory	p. 181
Port B	p. 183
Exercises	p. 183
I/O Memory Map	p. 184
Background on Memory	p. 186
UART and PIC	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (8250)	p. 191
Programmable Interrupt Controller (8259)	p. 199
Exercises	p. 203
PPI and PTC	p. 206
Introduction	p. 206
Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255)	p. 206
Programmable Timer Controller (8254)	p. 213
Timers and the PC	p. 221
Exercises	p. 223
Introduction to the Pentium	p. 226
Introduction	p. 226
Intel Processor Development	p. 226
Terminology	p. 228
Pentium II and Pentium Pro	p. 229
System Overview	p. 230
Pentium Details	p. 234
Exercises	p. 242
Transaction Phase Signals	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Transaction Examples	p. 256
Additional Pentium Pro Signals	p. 263
Exercises	p. 268
Memory	p. 270
Introduction	p. 270
Memory Basics	p. 270
Memory Subsystem	p. 282
Memory Errors	p. 286
Exercises	p. 291
Additional diagrams	p. 292
MMX Technology	p. 294
Introduction	p. 294
PII Technology Profile	p. 294
MMX Technology	p. 295
Instruction Execution	p. 305
Introduction	p. 305
Typical Processor Approach to Instruction Execution	p. 306
PII Approach to Instruction Execution	p. 307
PII Processor Block Diagram	p. 308
PII Dynamic Execution Implementation	p. 309
PII Bus Features	p. 310
PII/III Bus Transactions	p. 312
Transaction Types	p. 315
Transaction Phases	p. 316
Processor Bus Transaction Signals Diagram	p. 317
Exercises	p. 326
SC242 Signals	p. 327
Introduction	p. 327
Additional SC242 signals	p. 330
Exercises	p. 335
Processor Developments	p. 336
Introduction	p. 336
Other Processors	p. 340
x84-64 Architecture	p. 342
Interface Buses	p. 343
Introduction	p. 343
PC Bus	p. 343
ISA Bus	p. 345
Other Legacy Buses	p. 349
Summary of Interface Bus Types	p. 350
Comparison of Different Interface Bus Types	p. 353
Exercises	p. 354
The Fall of the MCA Bus	p. 355
Note from the Author	p. 356
PCI Bus	p. 361
Introduction	p. 361
PCI Operation	p. 363
Bus Arbitration	p. 367
PCI I/O Write Data Cycle Timing Diagram Section	p. 369
Other PCI Pins	p. 377
Configuration Address Space	p. 378
I/O Addressing	p. 380
Bus Cycles	p. 384
PCI Faults	p. 388
Interrupt Handling	p. 390
Exercises	p. 391
PCI Functional Signal Groups	p. 392
Example Manufacturer and Plug-and-play IDs	p. 394
Note from the Author	p. 395
IDE	p. 396
Introduction	p. 396
Tracks and Sectors	p. 396
Fixed Disks	p. 397
Drive Specifications	p. 398
Hard Disk and CD-ROM Interfaces	p. 398
IDE Interface	p. 400
IDE Communication	p. 402
Optical Storage	p. 408
Magnetic Tape	p. 412
File Systems	p. 413
Exercises	p. 415
Note from the Author	p. 416
SCSI	p. 418
Introduction	p. 418
SCSI Types	p. 418
SCSI Interface	p. 419
SCSI Operation	p. 422
Message System Description	p. 424
SCSI Commands	p. 426
Status	p. 429
Exercises	p. 430
Note from the Author	p. 430
PCMCIA (PC Card)	p. 432
Introduction	p. 432
PCMCIA Registers	p. 433
Exercises	p. 437
Additional: PCMCIA Types and Pin Connections	p. 437
Note from the Author	p. 438
USB and Firewire	p. 439
Introduction	p. 439
USB	p. 440
Firewire	p. 445
Exercises	p. 448
Note from the Author	p. 449
Games Port, Keyboard and Mouse	p. 450
Introduction	p. 450
Games Port	p. 450
Mouse	p. 453
Keyboard	p. 455
Mouse and Keyboard Interface	p. 458
Exercises	p. 459
Note from the Author	p. 460
AGP	p. 461
Introduction	p. 461
PCI and AGP	p. 462
Bus Transactions	p. 463
Pin Description	p. 463
AGP Connections	p. 466
AGP Master Configuration	p. 466
Bus Commands	p. 467
Addressing Modes and Bus Operations	p. 468
Register Description	p. 468
Exercises	p. 472
Note from the Author	p. 473
RS-232	p. 474
Introduction	p. 474
Electrical Characteristics and Connectors	p. 474
Communications Between Two Nodes	p. 476
Programming RS-232	p. 480
RS-232 Programs	p. 480
Interface to the Motherboard	p. 483
Exercises	p. 483
Note from the Author	p. 488
Parallel Port	p. 489
Introduction	p. 489
Data Handshaking	p. 489
I/O Addressing	p. 492
Interrupt-driven Parallel Port	p. 497
ECP/EPP Mode	p. 501
Interface to the Motherboard	p. 510
Exercises	p. 511
Note from the Author	p. 514
PC Motherboards	p. 516
Introduction	p. 516
Intel HX	p. 517
TX Motherboard	p. 527
450NX PCIset	p. 531
450KX and 450GX PCISET	p. 533
Exercises	p. 534
Interface to Flash	p. 535
Note from the Author	p. 535
Hub-based Architecture	p. 537
Introduction	p. 537
820 Chipset	p. 539
840 Chipset	p. 546
810E Chipset	p. 550
Exercises	p. 551
Appendices	p. 553
SIMM/DIMM Pin Connections	p. 553
Slot 1/SC242 Connections	p. 560
Quick Reference	p. 562
ASCII	p. 565
Additional WWW material	p. 567
Index	p. 568
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

The internal architecture of the PC is changing for many reasons, including: * Phasing-out of old legacy busses and devices. PCs have, in the past, been difficult to configure and to add new equipment to, as they are still very much based on legacy systems. The worst offender of this is the ISA bus which requires the use of interrupt lines (IRQs) and special memory address (I/O ports). These have always been difficult to configure and normally require some degree of expertise before they can be correctly configured. New interfaces, such as the USB, allow for the automatic identification and configuration of a device and for addition and deletion of a device while the PC is still powered on. * Increase in the system data rate. Over the years, the processor has increased its speed, but the system board has struggled to keep up with these increases. New architectures are now being developed which more closely match system memory and the graphics controller to the processor, while moving other devices and interfaces, such as the hard disk and communication ports, away from the processor. This allows high-speed devices to have direct access to the processor, allowing for increased data transfer to and from memory, and for enhanced 3D photorealisitic graphics. * New memory devices. Traditional memory (DRAM) can be slow when compared with the processor speed. New memory devices, such as RDRAM, have now been developed which allows ultra-high data transfers between the processor and the memory. * New plug-and-play architectures. USB provides a great deal of enhancements over traditional connections, and will be used extensively over the next few years to connect devices to the PC. * Increased usage of electronic bridges. These segment the PCs into segments which are more closely matched to the speed of the device. A typical device is the PCI bridge. This book provides a foundation on the understanding of previous, current and future PC systems. These principles will allow undergraduates and professionals to fully understand how the specification of each component of a PC affects overall system performance. It outlines each of the main PC processors and contrasts their performance. It also examines each of the main interface devices and shows how they integrate into the complete system. In the motherboard material, previous, current and future motherboards are shown in some detail to allow undergraduates and professionals to understand how data is passed around the PC. The main objectives are to: * Provide a complete understand of all PC systems, current or future. This helps in understanding the specifications of a computer so that users can purchase the required specification for their application. * Provide an insight in how PC systems will involve in the future. This will allow hardware and software developers to properly understand how they design and develop their products to encapsulate new systems. * Show how systems have evolved from the original PC to current and future systems. This shows how the PC has kept compatibility with previous systems, but increased its power. One of the main aims of this book is to provide a foundation on the understanding of previous, current and future PC systems, and how the specification of each component of a PC affects the overall system performance. It shows where PCs have been in the past, where they are now, and how new architectures and interfaces devices will change the PC from a difficult-to-use, difficult-to-configure and difficult to add-to system into an easy-to-use supercomputer. With new GHz processor speeds, and new memory and interfacing techniques, the PC is never going to be the same again. For the first time, the PC will discard the past and look towards the future. First in line in the discard pile will be the ISA bus, and gone forever will be IRQs and complex soft