Biodiversity Under Threat

by Harrison, R. M.; Hester, R. E.

Edition: 1st

ISBN13: 9780854042517

ISBN10: 0854042512

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2007-08-02

Publisher(s): Royal Society of Chemistry

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Summary

There is much public concern about threats to global biodiversity. Industrial pollution, changes in agricultural practices and climate change, are all having a direct impact on biodiversity. In this book the Editors provide a broad view of the many pressures imposed by human-induced changes and the many threats to global biodiversity and of the policy responses required to combat them. This excellent text includes the work of some 44 authors and offers a solid description of the current understanding of threats to biodiversity with a range of illustrative examples - a valuable point of reference for ecologists, environmental scientists, and students as well as, policymakers and all other environmental professionals.

Impacts of Agricultural Change on Farmland Biodiversity in the UK
Introduction	p. 1
The Post-war Intensification of Agriculture	p. 2
Land Drainage	p. 3
Decline of Mixed Farming and Changes in Crop Rotations	p. 3
Fertiliser	p. 4
Pesticides	p. 5
Field Size and Hedgerows	p. 7
Autumn Sowing	p. 8
Management of Grassland	p. 9
Heather Burning	p. 12
Grain Storage and Animal Housing	p. 12
Veterinary Medicines	p. 13
Supplementary Feeding	p. 13
Recent Changes in Agricultural Practices	p. 14
Farming Systems	p. 14
Reduced Cultivation Systems	p. 16
Set-aside	p. 17
Energy Crops	p. 18
Genetically Modified Crops	p. 20
Measures to Benefit Biodiversity on Farmland	p. 21
Agri-environment Schemes	p. 21
Cross-compliance	p. 22
Changing Agricultural Policy and Implications for the Future of Farmland Biodiversity	p. 23
Acknowledgements	p. 25
References	p. 25
The Extent and Future of Global Insect Diversity
Introduction	p. 33
A Diversity of Species and Functions	p. 34
Services Provided by Insects	p. 35
Global Patterns of Insect Diversity	p. 36
Threats to Insects Worldwide	p. 38
Land-use Change	p. 40
Climate Change	p. 41
Invasive Species	p. 46
Where Do We Go from Here?	p. 47
A New Taxonomy	p. 47
Systematic Sampling	p. 47
Synthesis of Biodiversity Inventories	p. 48
Multi-factor Research	p. 48
Generating a Trait-based Understanding of Global Change	p. 48
Conclusions	p. 49
Acknowledgements	p. 49
References	p. 50
Biological Invasions in Europe: Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses
Biological Invasions in Europe: a Framework for Best Practice	p. 56
The Trouble with Trade and Travel: Economic Drivers of Biological Invasions	p. 58
Assessing the Pressure of Invasions on Ecosystems: Propagules, Pathways and People	p. 62
The State of the Union: Trends in the Distribution of Alien Species in Europe	p. 63
Impacts on Biodiversity: Genes, Populations and Ecosystems	p. 65
Responding to the Threat of Biological Invasions: a European Policy Perspective	p. 72
A Future Europe: Will Economic Integration Lead to Biotic Homogenisation?	p. 75
Acknowledgements	p. 78
References	p. 78
The Deep Sea: If We Do Not Understand the Biodiversity, Can We Assess the Threat?
Introduction	p. 81
The Deep Sea	p. 84
Understanding Modern Deep-sea Biodiversity	p. 86
Patterns of Biodiversity in the Deep Sea: Benthos	p. 88
With Depth	p. 88
With Latitude	p. 89
With Productivity	p. 91
Hydrothermal Vents, Cold Seeps and Whale Falls: Biodiversity Bonus?	p. 92
Patterns of Biodiversity in the Deep Sea: Pelagos	p. 93
Patterns of Biodiversity in the Deep Sea: Fish	p. 94
Is Biodiversity in the Deep Sea Under Threat?	p. 95
Disposal	p. 95
Exploitation	p. 97
Conclusions	p. 101
Acknowledgements	p. 102
Glossary of Technical terms	p. 102
References	p. 103
Threatened Habitats: Marginal Vegetation in Upland Areas
Introduction	p. 107
Case Studies	p. 108
Drivers, Pressures and Threats	p. 112
Climate Change	p. 113
Grazing	p. 116
Fragmentation and Isolation	p. 118
Managing Biodiversity in Marginal Habitats	p. 122
Policy Context	p. 122
Research Priorities	p. 125
Management Action	p. 127
Acknowledgements	p. 128
References	p. 129
Trends in Biodiversity in Europe and the Impact of Land-use Change
Introduction	p. 135
Biodiversity in Europe: Current Status	p. 135
Biodiversity in Europe: Information on Current Trends	p. 137
Habitat Extent and Quality	p. 137
Species Diversity	p. 139
Species Abundance and Biomass	p. 139
Distribution of Species	p. 140
Threatened Status of Species	p. 140
Biodiversity in Europe: an Historical Perspective	p. 140
Biodiversity in Europe: Current and Future Threats	p. 144
The Policy Response to Biodiversity Loss	p. 148
Quantifying Biodiversity Loss	p. 149
Biodiversity and Land-use Change	p. 151
Discussion	p. 152
References	p. 155
Tropical Moist Forests
Introduction	p. 161
Tropical Forest Ecology	p. 162
Continental Scale Variation due to Plate Tectonics	p. 164
Regional Scale Variation due to Pleistocene Climate Fluctuations	p. 166
Tropical Climate Change	p. 166
Direct Evidence for Change	p. 167
Inferential Evidence for Change	p. 168
African Late Glacial Climates	p. 169
Changing Climate Changing Forests	p. 170
Past Climate Change as a Predictor of Diversity	p. 171
Reasons for Local-scale Variation due to Present-day Ecology	p. 173
Past Anthropogenic Impact on Tropical Forests	p. 174
Present Anthropogenic Impact and Management of Tropical Forests	p. 175
Case Study: Management of the Mufindi Forests	p. 178
The Future	p. 183
References	p. 184
The Implementation of International Biodiversity Initiatives: Constraints and Successes
Towards International Biodiversity Goals	p. 193
International Initiatives to Set Goals for Biodiversity Conservation	p. 195
How are International Goals Implemented?	p. 195
How has Finland Organised the Implementation of International Biodiversity Goals?	p. 198
How has the UK Organised the Implementation of International Biodiversity Goals?	p. 199
Alternative Routes from International Goals to Local Level Practices: Ranomafana National Park in Madagascar as a Case Study	p. 200
When Implementation is Being Constrained	p. 201
Does Implementation Lead to Wanted Results?	p. 202
Mediation to Help Reach Effectiveness and Legitimacy	p. 204
Braila Islands: Starting Management from Local Socio-environmental Needs Before Linking with International Goals	p. 208
From Hunger Strikes to Voluntary Measures: Forest Conservation in Karvia	p. 209
Turning Symbolic Participation into Effective Deliberation	p. 210
A Successful Community-led Biodiversity Management Process: the Farming for Nature Initiative	p. 212
Conclusions	p. 213
Acknowledgements	p. 213
References	p. 213
Biodiversity Assessment and Change - the Challenge of Appropriate Methods
Introduction	p. 217
The Progressive Inclusion of Biodiversity Measures in Environmental Monitoring	p. 217
The Challenge of Adequately Representing Complexity	p. 218
Complexity and Ambiguity of the Term Biodiversity	p. 218
Approaches to Reduce Complexity	p. 219
Surrogate Measures, Indicators and Indices	p. 221
Forerunners and First Steps in the 1980s	p. 221
A Muddle of Terms	p. 222
"It Starts with the Right Question" or "the Choice of Values and Measures"	p. 222
Adoption of the Biodiversity Surrogate Approach	p. 223
Biodiversity Indices	p. 224
Indicators of Biodiversity and its Change for LTER Sites	p. 224
LTER Sites and Biodiversity: Basic Concepts and Keystones	p. 224
LTER Networks at Pan-European Level in Practice: the Experience of UN-ECE CLRTAP ICP IM and ICP Forests	p. 226
Biodiversity Status and Change in Forest Ecosystems: Examples from Italy	p. 228
Biodiversity Status and Change in Freshwater Ecosystems: Examples from North-Italy	p. 232
Biodiversity Status and Change in the Marine Ecosystem: Examples from the Pelagic Ecosystem in Italy	p. 235
Toward a Core Set of Biodiversity Indicators for LTER Sites	p. 236
Indicators of Biodiversity and its Change for the "Wider Countryside"	p. 237
Limitations of Discrete, Intensively Monitored Locations	p. 238
Advantages of Supplementary Monitoring in the Wider Landscape	p. 239
Data Sources that could Contribute to Surveillance in the Broader Landscape	p. 240
How to Communicate Biodiversity Assessments to Stakeholders and the Public?	p. 241
General Principles	p. 242
Setting Objectives	p. 242
Selecting the Target Audience	p. 243
Selection of Appropriate Tools	p. 243
How to Do It?	p. 244
Evaluation of Success	p. 244
Case Study: Visitor Centre in Vacratot, Hungary	p. 245
Conclusions	p. 246
References	p. 247
Drivers and Pressures on Biodiversity in Analytical Frameworks
Introduction	p. 252
Different Approaches to Classify the Drivers and Pressures on Biodiversity	p. 253
Scenarios of Biodiversity Change for the Year 2100 and the Ranking of the Main Drivers	p. 253
The Stress-Response Framework	p. 254
The DPSIR Framework	p. 254
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework (MA)	p. 255
The Main Drivers and Pressures on Biodiversity	p. 257
Land-use Changes	p. 258
Climate Change	p. 258
Changes in Matter Fluxes	p. 258
Biological Invasions	p. 259
Conclusions	p. 259
Acknowledgements	p. 261
References	p. 261
Subject Index	p. 263
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Biodiversity Under Threat

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