Gas Pipeline Hydraulics

by Menon; E. Shashi

Edition: 1st

ISBN13: 9780849327858

ISBN10: 0849327857

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2005-05-24

Publisher(s): CRC Press

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Summary

In your day-to-day planning, design, operation, and optimization of pipelines, wading through complex formulas and theories is not the way to get the job done. Gas Pipeline Hydraulics acts as a quick-reference guide to formulas, codes, and standards encountered in the gas industry. Based on the author's 30 years of experience in manufacturing and the oil and gas industry, the book presents a step-by-step introduction to the concepts in a practical approach illustrated by real-world examples, case studies, and a wealth of problems at the end of each chapter.Avoiding overly complex equations and theorems, Gas Pipeline Hydraulics demonstrates the calculation of pressure drop using various commonly accepted formulas. The author extends this discussion to determine total pressure required under various configurations, the necessity of pressure regulators and control valves, the comparative pros and cons of adding compressor stations versus pipe loops, mechanical strength of the pipeline, and thermal hydraulic analysis. He also introduces transient pressure analysis along with references for more in-depth study. The text concludes with the economic aspects of pipeline systems.Containing valuable appendices that provide conversions from USCS to SI units, tables of properties of natural gas, commonly used pipe sizes, and allowable internal and hydrotest pressures, this is the most easy-to-use, hands-on reference for gas pipelines available.

Chapter 1 Gas Properties

1.1 Mass and Weight

(1)

1.2 Volume

(1)

1.3 Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Volume

(1)

1.4 Specific Gravity

(1)

1.5 Viscosity

(5)

1.6 Ideal Gases

(5)

1.7 Real Gases

(2)

1.8 Natural Gas Mixtures

(3)

1.9 Pseudo-Critical Properties from Gas Gravity

(1)

1.10 Impact of Sour Gas and Non-Hydrocarbon Components

(1)

1.11 Compressibility Factor

(6)

1.11.1 Standing-Katz Method

(1)

1.11.2 Dranchuk, Purvis, and Robinson Method

(1)

1.11.3 American Gas Association (AGA) Method

(1)

1.11.4 California Natural Gas Association (CNGA) Method

(3)

1.12 Heating Value

(1)

1.13 Summary

(1)

Problems

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 2 Pressure Drop Due to Friction

2.1 Bernoulli's Equation

(1)

2.2 Flow Equations

(1)

2.3 General Flow Equation

(2)

2.4 Effect of Pipe Elevations

(2)

2.5 Average Pipe Segment Pressure

(1)

2.6 Velocity of Gas in a Pipeline

(3)

2.7 Erosional Velocity

(3)

2.8 Reynolds Number of Flow

(2)

2.9 Friction Factor

(2)

2.10 Colebrook-White Equation

(3)

2.11 Transmission Factor

(4)

2.12 Modified Colebrook-White Equation

(3)

2.13 American Gas Association (AGA) Equation

(4)

2.14 Weymouth Equation

(3)

2.15 Panhandle A Equation

(4)

2.16 Panhandle B Equation

(2)

2.17 Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) Equation

(4)

2.18 Spitzglass Equation

(2)

2.19 Mueller Equation

(1)

2.20 Fritzsche Equation

(1)

2.21 Effect of Pipe Roughness

(2)

2.22 Comparison of Flow Equations

(1)

2.23 Summary

(1)

Problems

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 3 Pressure Required to Transport

3.1 Total Pressure Drop Required

(1)

3.2 Frictional Effect

(1)

3.3 Effect of Pipeline Elevation

(4)

3.4 Effect of Changing Pipe Delivery Pressure

(3)

3.5 Pipeline with Intermediate Injections and Deliveries

(11)

3.6 Series Piping

104

(7)

3.7 Parallel Piping

111

(10)

3.8 Locating Pipe Loop

121

(2)

3.9 Hydraulic Pressure Gradient

123

(3)

3.10 Pressure Regulators and Relief Valves

126

(3)

3.11 Temperature Variation and Gas Pipeline Modeling

129

(3)

3.12 Line Pack

132

(3)

3.13 Summary

135

(1)

Problems

136

(1)

References

137

(2)

Chapter 4 Compressor Stations

4.1 Compressor Station Locations

139

(7)

4.2 Hydraulic Balance

146

(1)

4.3 Isothermal Compression

146

(2)

4.4 Adiabatic Compression

148

(3)

4.5 Polytropic Compression

151

(1)

4.6 Discharge Temperature of Compressed Gas

152

(1)

4.7 Horsepower Required

153

(4)

4.8 Optimum Compressor Locations

157

(6)

4.9 Compressors in Series and Parallel

163

(3)

4.10 Types of Compressors-Centrifugal and Positive Displacement

166

(2)

4.11 Compressor Performance Curves

168

(3)

4.12 Compressor Station Piping Losses

171

(1)

4.13 Compressor Station Schematic

172

(1)

4.14 Summary

173

(1)

Problems

174

(1)

References

175

(2)

Chapter 5 Pipe Loops versus Compression

5.1 Purpose of a Pipe Loop

177

(1)

5.2 Purpose of Compression

178

(1)

5.3 Increasing Pipeline Capacity

179

(10)

5.4 Reducing Power Requirements

189

(3)

5.5 Looping in Distribution Piping

192

(6)

5.6 Summary

198

(1)

Problems

198

(1)

References

199

(2)

Chapter 6 Pipe Analysis

6.1 Pipe Wall Thickness

201

(1)

6.2 Barlow's Equation

202

(1)

6.3 Thick-Walled Pipes

203

(2)

6.4 Derivation of Barlow's Equation

205

(2)

6.5 Pipe Material and Grade

207

(1)

6.6 Internal Design Pressure Equation

207

(2)

6.7 Class Location

209

(1)

6.8 Mainline Valves

210

(1)

6.9 Hydrostatic Test Pressure

211

(31)

6.10 Blowdown Calculations

242

(1)

6.11 Determining Pipe Tonnage

243

(3)

6.12 Summary

246

(1)

Problems

246

(1)

References

247

(2)

Chapter 7 Thermal Hydraulics

7.1 Isothermal versus Thermal Hydraulics

249

(2)

7.2 Temperature Variation and Gas Pipeline Modeling

251

(2)

7.3 Review of Simulation Model Reports

253

(20)

7.4 Summary

273

(1)

Problems

274

(1)

References

274

(1)

Chapter 8 Transient Analysis and Case Studies

8.1 Unsteady Flow

275

(4)

8.1.1 Transient Due to Mainline Valve Closure

276

(1)

8.1.2 Transient Due to Compressor Shutdown

277

(2)

8.2 Case Studies

279

(17)

8.2.1 Offshore Pipeline Case

279

(17)

8.3 Summary

296

(1)

Problems

296

(1)

References

297

(2)

Chapter 9 Valves and Flow Measurements

9.1 Purpose of Valves

299

(1)

9.2 Types of Valves

300

(2)

9.3 Material of Construction

302

(1)

9.4 Codes for Design and Construction

302

(1)

9.5 Gate Valve

303

(2)

9.6 Ball Valve

305

(1)

9.7 Plug Valve

305

(1)

9.8 Butterfly Valve

305

(1)

9.9 Globe Valve

306

(1)

9.10 Check Valve

307

(1)

9.11 Pressure Control Valve

308

(1)

9.12 Pressure Regulator

309

(1)

9.13 Pressure Relief Valve

309

(1)

9.14 Flow Measurement

310

(1)

9.15 Flow Meters

310

(11)

9.15.1 Orifice Meter

310

(20)

9.15.1.1 Meter Tube

313

(1)

9.15.1.2 Expansion Factor

314

(7)

9.16 Venturi Meter

321

(2)

9.17 Flow Nozzle

323

(2)

9.18 Summary

325

(1)

Problems

325

(1)

References

325

(3)

Chapter 10 Pipeline Economics

10.1 Components of Cost

328

(2)

10.2 Capital Costs

330

(6)

10.2.1 Pipeline

330

(2)

10.2.2 Compressor Stations

332

(1)

10.2.3 Mainline Valve Stations

333

(1)

10.2.4 Meter Stations and Regulators

333

(1)

10.2.5 SCADA and Telecommunication System

333

(1)

10.2.6 Environmental and Permitting

334

(1)

10.2.7 Right of Way Acquisitions

334

(1)

10.2.8 Engineering and Construction Management

335

(1)

10.2.9 Other Project Costs

335

(1)

10.3 Operating Costs

336

(3)

10.4 Determining Economic Pipe Size

339

(14)

10.5 Summary

353

(1)

Problems

353

(1)

References

354

(1)

Appendix A Units and Conversions

355

(4)

Appendix B Physical Properties of Various Gases

359

(4)

Appendix C Pipe Properties-U.S. Customary System of Units

363

(10)

Appendix D GASMOD Output Report

373

(6)

Appendix E Summary of Formulas

379

(22)

Index

401

Gas Pipeline Hydraulics

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