General Chemistry With Qualitative Analysis,9780030212178

General Chemistry With Qualitative Analysis

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Edition: 6th
ISBN13: 9780030212178
ISBN10: 0030212170
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1999-08-19
Publisher(s): Brooks Cole
List Price: $149.00

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Summary

This best-selling text is summarized by "classic text, modern presentation." Its emphasis on fundamental skills and concepts and clearly explained problem-solving strategies continues to be a strength. The revision builds on the highly praised style and applications to everyday life that have earned this text a reputation as the voice of authority in general chemistry.

Table of Contents

To the Instructor xvii
Supplements xxii
Acknowledgments xxiv
To the Student xxvii
The Foundations of Chemistry
1(45)
Matter and Energy
4(2)
States of Matter
6(1)
Chemical and Physical Properties
6(3)
Chemical and Physical Changes
9(1)
Mixtures, Substances, Compounds, and Elements
10(6)
Chemistry in Use The Resources of the Ocean
11(5)
Measurements of Chemistry
16(2)
Units of Measurement
18(2)
Use of Numbers
20(6)
The Unit Factor Method (Dimensional Analysis)
26(4)
Percentage
30(1)
Density and specific Gravity
31(3)
Heat and Temperature
34(3)
Heat Transfer and the Measurement of Heat
37(9)
Key terms
40(1)
Exercises
41(5)
Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry
46(42)
Atoms and Molecules
48(3)
Chemical Formulas
51(2)
Ions and Ionic Compounds
53(2)
Names and Formulas of Some Ionic Compounds
55(2)
Atomic Weights
57(1)
The Mole
57(6)
Chemistry in Use Avogadro's Number
61(2)
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and Moles
63(3)
Percent Composition and Formulas of Compounds
66(4)
Chemistry in Use Names of the Elements
68(2)
Derivation of Formulas from Elemental composition
70(4)
Determination of Molecular Formulas
74(3)
Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas
77(3)
Purity of Samples
80(8)
Key Terms
82(1)
Exercises
82(6)
Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry
88(33)
Chemical Equations
90(2)
Calculations Based on Chemical Equations
92(4)
The Limiting Reactant Concept
96(3)
Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions
99(2)
Sequential Reactions
101(2)
Concentrations of Solutions
103(4)
Dilution of Solutions
107(3)
Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions
110(11)
Key Terms
112(1)
Exercises
113(8)
Some Types of chemical Reactions
121(54)
The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
123(6)
Chemistry in Use The discovery of Phosphorus
128(1)
Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction
129(5)
Reactions in Aqueous solutions
134(6)
Oxidation Numbers
Classifying chemical Reactions
140(1)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions: An Introduction
140(4)
Combination Reactions
144(2)
Decomposition Reactions
146(1)
Displacement Reactions
147(6)
Chemistry in Use Troublesome Displacement Reactions
149(4)
Metathesis Reactions
153(7)
Summary of Reaction Types
160(2)
Naming Inorganic Compounds
160(2)
Naming Binary Compounds
162(3)
Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts
165(10)
Key Terms
167(1)
Exercises
168(7)
The Structure of Atoms
175(59)
Subatomic Particles
177(1)
Fundamental Particles
177(1)
The discovery of Electrons
178(2)
Canal Rays and Protons
180(1)
Rutherford and Nuclear Atom
181(2)
Atomic Number
183(1)
Neutrons
184(1)
Mass Number and Isotopes
184(2)
Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Abundance
186(5)
Chemistry in Use Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis
188(3)
The Atomic Weight Scale and Atomic Weights
191(2)
The Electronic Structures of Atoms
193(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation
193(4)
The Photoelectric Effect
197(1)
Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom
198(6)
Enrichment The Bohr Theory and the Balmer-Rydberg Equation
201(3)
The Wave nature of the Electron
204(1)
The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Atom
205(3)
Enrichment The Schrodinger Equation
207(1)
Quantum Numbers
208(1)
Atomic Orbitals
209(5)
Electron configurations
214(8)
Enrichment Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
218(4)
The Periodic Table and Electron configurations
222(12)
Key Terms
225(2)
Exercises
227(7)
Chemical Periodicity
234(35)
More About the Periodic Table
235(5)
Chemistry in Use The Periodic Table
237(1)
Chemistry in Use Glenn Seaborg: A Human Side to the Modern Periodic Table
238(1)
Periodic Properties of the Elements
239(1)
Atomic Radii
240(2)
Ionization Energy
242(3)
Electron Affinity
245(3)
Ionic Radii
248(2)
Electronegativity
250(1)
Chemical Reactions and Periodicity
251(1)
Hydrogen and the Hydrides
251(4)
Oxygen and the Oxides
255(14)
Key Terms
264(1)
Exercises
265(4)
Chemical Bonding
269(36)
Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms
271(1)
Ionic Bonding
272(1)
Formation of Ionic compounds
272(7)
Enrichment Introduction to Energy Relationships in Ionic Bonding
277(1)
Covalent Bonding
278(1)
Formation of Covalent Bonds
279(1)
Lewis Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
280(1)
The Octet Rule
281(6)
Resonance
287(4)
Enrichment Formal Charges
289(2)
Limitations of the Octet Rule for Lewis Formulas
291(5)
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
296(1)
Dipole Moments
297(1)
The Continuous Range of Bonding Types
298(7)
Key Terms
299(1)
Exercises
300(5)
Molecular Structure and Covalent Bonding Theories
305(47)
A Preview of the Chapter
307(2)
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
309(1)
Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry
310(3)
Valence Bond (VB) Theory
313(1)
Molecular Shapes and Bonding
314(1)
Linear Electronic Geometry: AB2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)
314(2)
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)
316(2)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)
318(5)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB3U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A)
323(5)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons of A)
328(2)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons of A)
330(1)
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB5, AB4U, AB3U2, and AB2U3
331(4)
OctahedraL Electronic Geometry: AB6, AB5U, and AB4U2
335(5)
Compounds Containing Double Bonds
340(2)
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds
342(1)
A Summary of Electronic and Molecular Geometries
343(9)
Key Terms
345(1)
Exercises
346(6)
Molecular Orbitals in chemical Bonding
352(19)
Molecular Orbitals
354(3)
Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams
357(1)
Bond Order and Bond Stability
358(1)
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
359(3)
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
362(3)
Delocalization and the Shapes of Molecular Orbitals
365(6)
Key Terms
368(1)
Exercises
368(3)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts
371(28)
Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases
373(1)
The Arrhenius Theory
374(1)
The Hydronium Ion (Hydrated Hydrogen Ion)
374(1)
Bronsted-Lowry Theory
375(3)
The Autoionization of Water
378(1)
Amphoterism
378(2)
Chemistry in Use Everyday Salts of Ternary Acids
379(1)
Strengths of Acids
380(4)
Acid-Base Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
384(2)
Acidic and Basic Salts
386(1)
The Lewis Theory
387(4)
The Preparation of Acids
391(8)
Key Terms
392(1)
Exercises
393(6)
Reactions of Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations
399(34)
Aqueous Acid-Base Reactions
400(1)
Calculations Involving Molarity
401(4)
Titrations
405(3)
The Mole Method and Molarity
408(3)
Equivalent weights and Normality
411(5)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
415(1)
The Half-Reaction Method
416(1)
Adding H+, OH-, or H2O to Balance Oxygen or Hydrogen
417(3)
Change-in-Oxidation-Number Method
420(5)
Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions
425(8)
Key Terms
427(1)
Exercises
428(5)
Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
433(50)
Comparison of solids, Liquids, and Gases
435(1)
Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases
435(1)
Pressure
436(5)
Chemistry in Use The Greenhouse Effect
438(3)
Boyle's Law: The Volume-Pressure Relationship
441(3)
Charles's Law: The Volume-Temperature Relationship; The Absolute Temperature Scale
444(2)
Standard Temperature and Pressure
446(1)
The Combined Gas Law Equation
446(2)
Avogadro's Law and the Standard Molar Volume
448(2)
Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation
450(4)
Determination of Molecular Weights and Molecular Formulas of Gaseous Substances
454(2)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
456(6)
Mass--Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases
462(2)
The Kinetic--Molecular Theory
464(6)
Enrichment Kinetic-Molecular Theory, the Ideal Gas Equation, and Molecular Speeds
467(3)
Diffusion and Effusion of Gases
470(1)
Real Gases: Deviations from Ideality
471(12)
Key Terms
474(1)
Exercises
475(8)
Liquids and Solids
483(58)
Kinetic--Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids
486(1)
Intermolecular Attractions and Phase Changes
487(6)
The Liquid State
492(1)
Viscosity
493(1)
Surface Tension
493(1)
Capillary Action
494(1)
Evaporation
495(1)
Vapor Pressure
496(2)
Boiling Points and Distillation
498(1)
Heat Transfer Involving Liquids
499(4)
Enrichment The Clausius-Equation
501(2)
The Solid State
503(1)
Melting Point
503(1)
Heat Transfer Involving Solids
503(3)
Sublimation and the Vapor Pressure of Solids
506(1)
Phase Diagrams (P versus T)
507(3)
Amorphous Solids and Crystalline Solids
510(2)
Enrichment X-Ray Diffraction
510(2)
Structures of Crystals
512(4)
Bonding in Solids
516(12)
Chemistry in Use Semiconductors
518(10)
Band Theory of Metals
528(13)
Key Terms
531(2)
Exercises
533(8)
Solutions
541(49)
The Dissolution Process
543(1)
Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process
543(2)
Dissolution of solids in Liquids
545(3)
Dissolution of Liquids in Liquids (Miscibility)
548(1)
Dissolution of Gases in Liquids
549(1)
Rates of Dissolution and Saturation
550(2)
Effect of Temperature of Solubility
552(2)
Effect of Pressure of Solubility
554(1)
Molality and Mole Fraction
554(3)
Colligative Properties of solutions
556(1)
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and Raoult's Law
557(4)
Fractional Distillation
561(2)
Boiling Point Elevation
563(1)
Freezing Point Depression
564(2)
Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression of Boiling Point Elevation
566(2)
Colligative Properties and Dissociation of Electrolytes
568(2)
Osmotic Pressure
570(8)
Colloids
575(1)
Chemistry in Use Water Purification and Hemodialysis
576(2)
The Tyndall Effect
578(1)
The Adsorption Phenomenon
578(1)
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
579(11)
Chemistry in Use Why Does Red Wine Go with Red Meat?
582(1)
Key Terms
583(1)
Exercises
584(6)
Chemical Thermodynamics
590(56)
Heat Changes and Thermochemistry
592(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics
592(2)
Some Thermodynamic Terms
594(2)
Enthalpy Changes
596(1)
Calorimetry
596(2)
Thermochemical Equations
598(3)
Standard States and Standard Enthalpy changes
601(1)
Standard Molar Enthalpies of formation, δH0F
602(2)
Hess's Law
604(5)
Bond Energies
609(3)
Changes in Internal Energy, δE
612(6)
Relationship Between δH and δE
618(2)
Spontaneity of Physical and chemical Changes
620(1)
The Two Aspects of spontaneity
620(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
621(1)
Entropy, S
621(7)
Free Energy Change, δG, and Spontaneity
628(3)
The Temperature Dependence of Spontaneity
631(15)
Key Terms
635(1)
Exercises
636(10)
Chemical Kinetics
646(61)
The Rate of a Reaction
648(7)
Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
654(1)
Nature of the Reactants
655(1)
Concentrations of Reactants: The Rate-Law Expression
656(8)
Concentration Versus Time: The Integrated Rate Equation
664(12)
Enrichment Calculus Derivation of Integrated Rate Equations
670(2)
Enrichment Using Integrated Rate Equations to Determine Reaction Order
672(4)
Collision Theory of Reaction Rates
676(1)
Transition State Theory
677(3)
Reaction Mechanisms and the Rate-Law Expression
680(4)
Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation
684(4)
Catalysts
688(19)
Chemistry in Use Ozone
694(4)
Key Terms
698(1)
Exercises
698(9)
Chemical Equilibrium
707(45)
Basic concepts
708(3)
The Equilibrium constant
711(4)
Variation of Kc with the Form of the Balanced Equation
715(1)
The Reaction Quotient
716(1)
Uses of the Equilibrium constant, Kc
717(4)
Factors that Affect Equilibria
721(7)
The Haber Process: A Practical Application of Equilibrium
728(1)
Application of Stress to a System at Equilibrium
729(4)
Partial Pressures and the Equilibrium Constant
733(1)
Relationship Between Kp and Kc
734(3)
Heteregeneous Equilibria
737(1)
Relationship Between δG0rxn and the Equilibrium Constant
738(4)
Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants at Different Temperatures
742(10)
Key Terms
744(1)
Exercises
744(8)
Ionic Equilibria I: Acids and Bases
752(40)
A Review of Strong Electrolytes
754(1)
The Autoionization of Water
754(2)
The pH and pOH Scales
756(5)
Ionization Constants for Weak Monoprotic Acids and Bases
761(11)
Polyprotic Acids
772(4)
Solvolysis
776(1)
Salts of Strong Bases and Strong Acids
777(1)
Salts of Strong Bases and Weak Acids
777(3)
Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids
780(3)
Chemistry in Use Taming Acids with Harmless Salts
782(1)
Salts of Weak Bases and Weak Acids
783(1)
Salts that Contain Small, Highly charged Cations
784(8)
Key Terms
786(1)
Exercises
787(5)
Ionic Equilibria II: Buffers and Titration Curves
792(30)
The Common Ion Effect and Buffer solutions
793(7)
Buffering Action
800(3)
Preparation of Buffer Solutions
803(5)
Chemistry in Use Fun with Carbonates
806(2)
Acid-Base Indicators
808(2)
Titration Curves
810(1)
Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves
810(3)
Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves
813(3)
Weak Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves
816(1)
Summary of Acid-Base Calculations
816(6)
Key Terms
818(1)
Exercises
818(4)
Ionic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle
822(25)
Solubility Product Constants
823(3)
Determination of Solubility Product Constants
826(2)
Uses of Solubility Product constants
828(6)
Fractional Precipitation
834(3)
Simultaneous Equilibria Involving slightly Soluble Compounds
837(3)
Dissolving Precipitates
840(7)
Key Terms
843(1)
Exercises
843(4)
Electrochemistry
847(53)
Electrical conduction
850(1)
Electrodes
850(1)
Electrolytic Cells
851(1)
The Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride (the Downs Cell)
851(1)
The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Chloride
852(2)
The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Sulfate
854(1)
Faraday's Law of Electrolysis
855(2)
Commercial Applications of Electrolytic Cells
857(1)
Voltaic or Galvanic Cells
858(1)
The Construction of Simple Voltaic Cells
858(1)
The Zinc-Copper Cell
859(3)
Chemistry in Use A Spectacular View of One Mole of Electrons
860(2)
The Copper-Silver Cell
862(2)
Standard Electrode Potentials
864(1)
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode
864(1)
The Zinc-SHE Cell
864(2)
The Copper-SHE Cell
866(1)
Standard Electrode Potentials
867(1)
Uses of Standard Electrode Potentials
868(3)
Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Half-Reactions
871(2)
Corrosion
873(1)
Corrosion Protection
874(3)
Effect of Concentrations (or Partial Pressures) on Electrode Potentials
877(1)
The Nernst Equation
877(4)
Using Electrochemical Cells to Determine Concentrations
881(3)
Enrichment Concentration Cells
882(2)
The Relationship of E0cell to δG0 and K
884(2)
Primary Voltaic Cells
886(1)
Dry Cells
886(2)
Secondary Voltaic Cells
888(1)
The Lead Storage Battery
888(1)
The Nickel-Cadmium (Nicad) Cell
889(1)
The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell
890(10)
Key Terms
892(1)
Exercises
893(7)
Metals I: Metallurgy
900(19)
Occurrence of the Metals
902(1)
Metallurgy
902(1)
Pretreatment of Ores
903(2)
Reduction to the Free Metals
905(1)
Refining of Metals
906(2)
Metallurgies of Specific Metals
908(1)
Magnesium
908(1)
Aluminum
909(2)
Iron
911(1)
Copper
912(3)
Gold
915(4)
Key Terms
916(1)
Exercises
916(3)
Metals II: Properties and Reactions
919(22)
The Alkali Metals (Group IA)
921(1)
Group IA Metals: Properties and Occurrence
921(1)
Reactions of the Group IA Metals
922(2)
Uses of Group IA Metals and Their Compounds
924(4)
Chemistry in Use Trace Elements and Life
925(3)
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group IIA)
928(1)
Group IIA Metals: Properties and Occurrences
928(1)
Reactions of the Group IIA Metals
928(2)
Uses of Group IIA Metals and Their compounds
930(1)
The Post-Transition Metals
931(1)
Group IIIA: Periodic Trends
931(5)
Chemistry in Use The Most Valuable Metal in the world
934(1)
The d-Transition Metals
935(1)
General Properties
936(1)
Oxidation States
936(1)
Chromium Oxides and Hydroxides
937(4)
Key Terms
939(1)
Exercises
939(2)
Some Nonmetals and Metalloids
941(30)
The Noble Gases (Group VIIIA)
943(1)
Occurrence, Uses, and Properties
943(1)
Xenon Compounds
943(2)
The Halogens (Group VIIA)
944(1)
Properties
945(1)
Occurrence, Production, and Uses
946(2)
Reactions of the Free Halogens
948(1)
The Hydrogen Haldies and Hydrohalic Acids
948(2)
The Oxoacids (Ternary Acids) of the Halogens
950(1)
Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
951(1)
Occurrence, Properties, and Uses
951(2)
Reactions of Group VIA Elements
953(1)
Hydrides of Group VIA Elements
954(1)
Group VIA Oxides
954(2)
Oxoacids of Sulfur
956(2)
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
957(1)
Occurrence of Nitrogen
958(1)
Hydrogen compounds of Nitrogen
959(1)
Nitrogen Oxides
960(3)
Chemistry in Use Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog
962(1)
Some Oxoacids of Nitrogen and Their Salts
963(1)
Phosphorus
964(2)
Silicon
965(1)
Silicon and the Silicates
966(5)
Key Terms
967(1)
Exercises
967(4)
Coordination compounds
971(30)
Coordination compounds
972(3)
Ammine complexes
975(2)
Important Terms
977(2)
Nomenclature
979(2)
Structures
981(1)
Isomerism in Coordination compounds
981(1)
Structural (Constitutional) Isomers
982(2)
Stereoisomers
984(7)
Bonding in Coordination compounds
991(1)
Crystal Field Theory
991(3)
Color and the Spectrochemical Series
994(7)
Key Terms
997(1)
Exercises
998(3)
Nuclear Chemistry
1001(38)
The Nucleus
1003(1)
Neutron--Proton Ratio and Nuclear Stability
1004(1)
Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy
1005(3)
Radioactive Decay
1008(2)
Equations for Nuclear Reactions
1010(1)
Neutron-Rich Nuclei (Above the Band of Stability)
1010(1)
Neutron-Poor Nuclei (Below the Band of Stability)
1010(1)
Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater Than 83
1011(1)
Detection of Radiation
1011(2)
Rates of Decay and Half-Life
1013(2)
Disintegration Series
1015(2)
Uses of Radionuclides
1017(4)
Artificial Transmutations of Elements
1021(4)
Nuclear Fission
1025(1)
Nuclear Fission Reactors
1026(6)
Chemistry in Use Managing Nuclear Wastes
1030(2)
Nuclear Fission
1032(7)
Key Terms
1034(1)
Exercises
1035(4)
Organic Chemistry I: Formulas, Names, and Properties
1039(67)
Saturated Hydrocarbons
1043(1)
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
1043(5)
Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons
1048(5)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
1053(1)
Alkenes
1053(5)
Chemistry in Use Petroleum
1054(4)
Alkynes
1058(2)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1060(1)
Benzene
1060(2)
Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1062(2)
Hydrocarbons: A Summary
1064(1)
Functional Groups
1064(1)
Organic Halides
1064(2)
Alcohols and Phenols
1066(5)
Ethers
1071(1)
Aldehydes and Ketones
1072(2)
Amines
1074(2)
Carboxylic Acids
1076(3)
Some Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
1079(6)
Chemistry in Use Butter, Margarine and Trans Fats
1083(2)
Summary of Functional Groups
1085(1)
Fundamental Classes of Organic Reactions
1085(1)
Substitution Reactions
1085(3)
Addition Reactions
1088(2)
Elimination Reactions
1090(1)
Polymerization Reactions
1091(15)
Key Terms
1097(1)
Exercises
1098(8)
Organic Chemistry II: Shapes, Selected Reactions, and Biopolymers
1106(35)
Shapes of Organic Molecules
1107(1)
Constitutional Isomers
1108(1)
Stereoisomers
1109(4)
Conformations
1113(2)
Selected Reactions
1114(1)
Reactions of Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
1115(3)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
1118(5)
Chemistry in Use Chemical communication
1119(4)
Formation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
1123(1)
Hydrolysis of Esters
1124(2)
Biopolymers
1125(1)
Carbohydrates
1126(4)
Polypeptides and Proteins
1130(4)
Nucleic Acids
1134(7)
Key Terms
1137(1)
Exercises
1138(3)
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 1141(90)
Metals in Qualitative Analysis
1142(13)
The Metals of Analytical Group I
1143(2)
The Metals of Analytical Group II
1145(2)
The Metals of Analytical Group IV
1147(3)
The Metals of Analytical Group V
1150(5)
Exercises
1154(1)
Introduction to Laboratory Work
1155(9)
Basic Ideas of Qualitative Analysis
1156(1)
Cations of Analytical Group I
1157(1)
Cations of Analytical Group II
1157(1)
Cations of Analytical Group III
1158(1)
Cations of Analytical Group IV
1158(1)
Cations of Analytical Group V
1158(1)
Comments of Laboratory Manipulations
1158(1)
Capillary Pipets
1158(1)
Stirring Rods
1159(1)
Reagents
1159(1)
Precipitation
1159(2)
Centrifugation of Precipitates and Transfer of the Liquid (Centrifugate)
1161(1)
Washing Precipitates
1161(1)
Dissolution and Extraction of Precipitates
1161(1)
Heating Mixtures and Solutions
1161(1)
Evaporation
1162(1)
Known solutions
1162(1)
Unknown Solutions
1163(1)
Unknown Reports
1163(1)
Laboratory Assignments
1163(1)
Analysis of Cation Group I
1164(11)
Common Oxidation States of Metals in Cation Group I
1165(1)
Introduction to the Analytical Procedures
1165(1)
Preparation of solutions of Analytical Group I Cations
1166(1)
Separation of Analytical Groups I and II Cations from Group III and Subsequent Group Cations
1166(2)
Mechanism of sulfide Precipitation
1168(1)
Precipitation of Analytical Group I Cations
1169(1)
Dissolution of Analytical Group I Sulfides
1169(1)
Separation and Identification of Bismuth (III) Ions
1170(1)
Identification of Copper(II) and Cadmium Ions
1171(4)
Exercises
1173(2)
Analysis of Cation Group II
1175(11)
Common Oxidation States of Metals in Cation Group II
1176(1)
Introduction to the Analytical Procedures
1177(1)
Preparation of Solutions of Analytical Group II Cations
1178(1)
Evaporation with Nitric Acid
1178(1)
Precipitation of Analytical Group II Cations
1178(1)
Dissolution of Analytical Group II Sulfides in Sodium Hydroxide Solution
1179(1)
Reprecipitation of Analytical Group II sulfides
1180(1)
Separation of Arsenic from Antimony and Tim
1181(1)
Identification of Arsenic
1182(1)
Identification of Antimony and Tin
1183(3)
Exercises
1184(2)
Analysis of Cation Group III
1186(15)
Common Oxidation States of the Metals in Analytical Group III
1187(2)
Precipitation of Analytical Group III Cations
1189(3)
Separation of Cobalt and Nickel
1192(1)
Identificatin of Cobalt and Nickel
1192(2)
Separation of Iron and Manganese from Aluminum, Chromium, and Zinc
1194(1)
Identification of Manganese and Iron
1195(1)
Separation and Identification of Aluminum
1196(2)
Identifcation of Chromium and Zinc
1198(3)
Exercises
1199(2)
Analysis of Cation Group IV
1201(11)
Introduction
1202(1)
Solubilities of Compounds of Calcium, Strontium, and Barium
1202(1)
Flame Tests
1203(2)
Precipitation of Analytical Group IV Cations
1205(1)
Separation and Identification of Barium Ions
1206(3)
Separation and Identification of Strontium Ions
1209(1)
Separation of Identification of Calcium Ions
1209(3)
Exercises
1210(2)
Analysis of Cation Group V
1212(8)
Introduction
1213(1)
Separation and Identification of Magnesium Ions
1214(1)
Flame Tests of Sodium and Potassium Ions
1215(1)
Precipitation Test for Sodium Ions
1216(1)
Precipitation Test for Potassium Ions
1217(1)
Test for Ammonium Ions
1218(2)
Exercises
1219(1)
Ionic Equilibria in Quantitative Analysis
1220(11)
Dissolving Precipitates
1221(2)
Equilibria Involving complex Ions
1223(3)
Hydrogen Sulfide Equilibria
1226(2)
Precipitation of Metal Sulfides
1228(3)
Exercises
1231
Appendix A Some Mathematical Operations A-1
Appendix B Electron configurations and the Atoms of Elements A-5
Appendix C Common Units, Equivalences, and Conversion Factors A-8
Appendix D Physical Constants A-11
Appendix E Some Physical Constants for a Few Common Substances A-12
Appendix F Ionization Constants for Weak Acids at 25°C A-14
Appendix G Ionization Constants for Weak Bases at 25°C A-15
Appendix H Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds At 25°C A-16
Appendix I Dissociation Constants for Some Complex Ions A-18
Appendix J Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous solution at 25° A-19
Appendix K Selected Thermodynamic Values at 298.15K A-22
Appendix L Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Numerical Exercises A-24
Figure Credits F-1
Glossary/Index I-1

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