Preface |
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ix | |
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Overview of Natural Attenuation |
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1 | (26) |
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Definition of Natural Attenuation |
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2 | (2) |
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Why Natural Attenuation Has Emerged as a Feasible Approach to Remediation |
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4 | (8) |
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Summary of Major Natural Attenuation Processes |
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12 | (1) |
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Demonstrating Natural Attenuation at Field Sites |
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13 | (1) |
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Natural Attenuation Studies, Protocols, and Guidance |
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14 | (1) |
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Natural Attenuation in the Regulatory Process |
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15 | (8) |
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Organization of This Book |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (4) |
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Attenuation of Source Zones and Formation of Plumes |
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27 | (91) |
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Distribution of Contaminants in the Subsurface |
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27 | (1) |
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How Groundwater Plumes Are Formed |
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28 | (3) |
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Observations of Source Zones |
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31 | (10) |
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Process Description for Source Scenario 1: Dissolved Contaminant Release to Subsurface |
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41 | (5) |
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Process Description for Source Scenario 2: Contaminant Release to Vadose Zone Only |
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46 | (14) |
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Process Descriptions for Source Scenarios 3 and 4: LNAPL and DNAPL Dissolution in the Saturated Zone |
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60 | (39) |
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Site-Scale Dissolution Model and the Effect of Biodegradation |
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99 | (5) |
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104 | (5) |
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Source Control and Natural Attenuation |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (6) |
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Abiotic Processes of Natural Attenuation |
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118 | (44) |
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118 | (12) |
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130 | (5) |
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One-Dimensional Advection-Dispersion Equation |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (12) |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (1) |
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Hydrolysis and Dehydrohalogenation |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (4) |
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Overview of Intrinsic Bioremediation |
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162 | (27) |
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Biological Fate of Contaminants |
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165 | (5) |
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Thermodynamic Considerations |
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170 | (5) |
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Oxidation-Reduction Potential |
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175 | (3) |
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Biodegradation Kinetics of Dissolved Contaminants |
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178 | (8) |
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186 | (3) |
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Intrinsic Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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189 | (52) |
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Biodegradation Processes for Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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194 | (13) |
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Patterns of Intrinsic Bioremediation at Field Sites |
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207 | (11) |
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Petroleum Hydrocarbon Rate Data from the Literature |
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218 | (5) |
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Petroleum Hydrocarbon Plume Databases |
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223 | (8) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (10) |
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Intrinsic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents |
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241 | (57) |
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Overview of Chlorinated Solvent Biodegradation Processes |
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242 | (28) |
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Classification System for Chlorinated Solvent Plumes |
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270 | (8) |
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Chlorinated Solvent Rate Data from the Literature |
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278 | (3) |
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Chlorinated Solvent Plume Databases |
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281 | (10) |
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291 | (7) |
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Evaluating Natural Attenuation |
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298 | (63) |
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Chemical and Geochemical Analytical Data Useful for Evaluating Natural Attenuation |
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298 | (11) |
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Lines of Evidence Used to Evaluate Natural Attenuation |
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309 | (4) |
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Documented Loss of Contaminant Mass or Plume Stabilization |
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313 | (8) |
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Analytical Data Confirming Intrinsic Bioremediation |
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321 | (18) |
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339 | (2) |
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Estimating Biodegradation Rates |
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341 | (6) |
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Screening for Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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347 | (3) |
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Screening for Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents |
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350 | (8) |
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Weight-of-Evidence Approach for Dealing with Uncertainty |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (3) |
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Modeling Natural Attenuation |
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361 | (85) |
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362 | (1) |
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Selection of a Natural Attenuation Model |
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363 | (4) |
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Governing Equations for Contaminant Fate and Transport |
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367 | (5) |
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Analytical Natural Attenuation Models |
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372 | (35) |
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Numerical Natural Attenuation Models |
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407 | (31) |
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Modeling Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents |
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438 | (1) |
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Applying Natural Attenuation Models to Sites |
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439 | (2) |
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Source Term in Natural Attenuation Modeling |
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441 | (2) |
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443 | (3) |
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Case Studies: Fuel Hydrocarbons |
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446 | (70) |
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Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons: Former Liquid Fuels Storage Area, Site ST-12, Williams Air Force Base, Arizona |
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446 | (24) |
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Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons: Former Gasoline Station, SWMU 66 Site, Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, Mississippi |
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470 | (13) |
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Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons: Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant Facility, Site ST41, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska |
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483 | (22) |
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Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons: Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants Facility, Hill Air Force Base, Utah |
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505 | (9) |
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514 | (2) |
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Case Studies: Chlorinated Solvents |
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516 | (48) |
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Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents: FT-17, Cape Canaveral, Florida |
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516 | (12) |
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Intrinsic Anaerobic Biotransformation of Chlorinated Solvents at a Manufacturing Plant |
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528 | (7) |
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Natural Attenuation of the Building 301 Trichloroethene Plume at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska |
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535 | (16) |
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Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents: Plattsburgh Air Force Base, New York |
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551 | (11) |
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562 | (2) |
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Design of Long-Term Monitoring Programs |
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564 | (17) |
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Placement of Long-Term Monitoring and Contingency Wells |
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566 | (6) |
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Groundwater Sampling and Analysis for Long-Term Monitoring |
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572 | (1) |
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Cost of Long-Term Monitoring Plans |
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573 | (1) |
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574 | (4) |
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578 | (1) |
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579 | (2) |
Appendix A: Geochemical and Physical Data |
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581 | (12) |
Appendix B: RBCA Chemical Database |
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593 | (12) |
Index |
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605 | |