Transcranial stimulation encompasses noninvasive methods that transmit physical fields-such as magnetic, electric, ultrasound, and light-to the brain to modulate its function. The most widespread approach, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has emerged as an important tool in several areas of neuroscience as well as in clinical applications in psychiatry and neurology. Originally envisioned as a way to measure the responsiveness and conduction speed of neurons and synapses in the brain and spinal cord, TMS has also become an important tool for changing the activity of brain neurons and the functions they subserve as well as an causal adjunct to brain imaging and mapping techniques. Along with transcranial electrical stimulation techniques, TMS has diffused far beyond the borders of clinical neurophysiology and into cognitive, perceptual, behavioural, and therapeutic investigation and attracted a highly diverse group of users and would-be users. Another major success of TMS has been as a treatment in psychiatry, where it is now in routine use worldwide. The field of noninvasive neuromodulation has matured and diversified considerably in the past decade, with an expansion in the number of tools available and our understanding of their mechanisms of action.

This second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation brings together the latest developments and important advances in all areas of Transcranial stimulation. The new volume captures the rapid progress made since the first edition, and provides an authoritative and comprehensive review of the state of the art. It also highlights challenges, opportunities, and future directions for this rapidly changing field. The book focuses on the scientific and technical background required to understand transcranial stimulation techniques and a wide-ranging survey of their burgeoning applications in neurophysiology, neuroscience, and therapy. Each of its six sections deals with a major area and is edited by an international authority therein. It will serve researchers, clinicians, students, and others as the definitive text in this area for years to come.

Eric Wassermann, Clinical Neuroscience Programme, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,Angel Peterchev, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University,Sarah Lisanby, Professor Emeritus, National Institute of Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University,Ulf Ziemann, Professor of Neurology and Director, Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen,Vincent Walsh, Professor of Human Brain Research, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London,Hartwig Siebner, Head of Research, Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre

Dr. Eric Wassermann received his B.A. from Swarthmore College, his M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, and his M.D. from New York Medical College. After a residency in neurology at the Boston City Hospital, he completed a fellowship in the Human Motor Control Section at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, where he stayed on as a Staff Clinician and independent investigator. His research focuses on revealing the mechanisms of behavioral adaptation and learning in humans, and using noninvasive brain stimulation and other methods to enhance those processes.


Dr. Angel V. Peterchev received his A.B. degree in Physics & Engineering Sciences from Harvard University and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering & Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley. He completed post-doctoral training in Brain Stimulation at Columbia University. Dr. Peterchev is presently Associate Professor at Duke University in the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, with secondary appointments in Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurosurgery. He directs the Brain Stimulation Engineering Lab which aims to improve noninvasive brain stimulation through the development of devices, computational models, and application paradigms.


Dr. Sarah Hollingsworth Lisanby completed her BS, MD, and psychiatry residency at Duke University, and a geriatric psychiatry fellowship at Columbia University. She went on to become JP Gibbons Endowed Professor and Chair of the Duke Psychiatry Department. Her research focuses on innovations in brain stimulation in psychiatry. She conducted the first-in-animal, first-in-human, and first randomized controlled trials with Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) to treat severe depression. She leads large scale funding initiatives in 'The Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies' (BRAIN) initiative, and directs the Division of Translational Research and the Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit at the National Institute of Mental Health.

Prof. Ulf Ziemann received his MD from the University of Göttingen, Germany. He is currently the Director of the Department Neurology & Stroke, and Co-Director of Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany. He has been Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Neurophysiology since 2016 and Deputy Editor of Brain Stimulation since 2007. His research focuses on motor cortex physiology, plasticity, brain-state-dependent stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS-EEG, and neuropharmacology. His clinical expertise is on stroke, neuroimmunology, and clinical neurophysiology.

Prof. Vincent Walsh received his B.A. from the University of Sheffield and his PhD from the University of Manchester (UMIST). Following 10 years of post-doctoral research with Alan Cowey at the Dept of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, he moved to the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience in 2002. His research now focuses on sleep, learning, and social group dynamics.


Prof. Hartwig Roman Siebner is a board-certified neurologist who started his academic career at the Department of Neurology, Munich University of Technology. In 2000, he moved to the Institute of Neurology in London, where he had the privilege to work as research fellow with Prof. John Rothwell. In 2022, he was appointed by the Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel as principal investigator in the collaborative brain imaging initiative 'Neuroimage-Nord'. In 2008, he joined the Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR) at Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre and has been leading the research centre as scientific director since 2010.

Section I: Physics, Biophysics, and Technology, Angel V. Peterchev1. Physics and biophysics fundamentals of transcranial stimulation, Boshuo Wang, Aman S. Aberra, Warren M. Grill, and Angel V. Peterchev2. Transcranial electrical stimulation devices, Dennis Q. Truong, Niranjan Khadka, Angel V. Peterchev, and Marom Bikson3. Transcranial magnetic stimulators, Angel V. Peterchev and Mark E. Riehl4. Transcranial magnetic stimulation coils, Risto J. Ilmoniemi, Zhi-De Deng, Luis Gomez, Lari M. Koponen, Jaakko O. Nieminen, Angel V. Peterchev, and Charles M. Epstein5. TMS pulse waveform and direction, Martin Sommer, Ricci Hannah, Angel V. Peterchev, and Walter Paulus6. Computational methods for dosimetry, Axel Thielscher, Kristoffer H. Madsen, Gary E. Strangman, and Bradley E. Treeby7. Neuronavigation, Stefan M. Goetz and Thomas Kammer8. Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation, Guglielmo Foffani and Antonio Oliviero9. Transcranial ultrasound modulation, Kim Butts Pauly, Zhihai Qiu, and Wynn Legon10. Transcranial infrared laser stimulation, Xinlong Wang, Francisco Gonzalez-Lima, and Hanli LiuSection II: TMS measures of motor cortical and corticospinal excitability: Physiology, function and plasticity, Ulf Ziemann11. Motor threshold, motor evoked potential, central motor conduction time, Sein H. Schmidt and Stephan A. Brandt12. Cortical silent period, Markus Kofler and Vasilios Kimiskidis13. Paired-pulse measures [SICI, SICF, ICF, LICI, LCD], Robin Cash and Ulf Ziemann14. Paired-coil measures, Ritsuko Hanajima, Vincenzo di Lazzaro, Yoshikazu Ugawa15. Pharmacology of TMS measures, Ulf Ziemann16. Clinical Utility of TMS-EMG measures, Robert Chen and Kai-Hsiang Stanley Chen17. TMS measures explored by EEG recordings, Risto Ilmoniemi, Nigel Rogasch, and Silvia Casarotto18. TMS measures and voluntary motor function, John Rothwell and Ricci Hannah19. Changes in TMS measures induced by repetitive TMS, Joseph Cla?en, Christoph Zrenner, and Ying-Zu Huang20. Changes in TMS measures induced by transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation, Michael Nitsche, Walter Paulus, and Gregor ThutSection III: Combining transcranial brain stimulation with brain mapping, Hartwig R. Siebner21. Brain mapping and brain stimulation - a framework, Anke N. Karabanov and Hartwig R. Siebner22. Transcranial brain stimulation and structural MRI, Raffaele Dubbioso and Axel Thielscher23. Transcranial brain stimulation and functional MRI, Christian Windischberger, Martin Tik, Axel Thielscher, and Hartwig R. Siebner24. Transcranial brain stimulation and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Charlotte J. Stagg25. Transcranial brain stimulation and PET, Sang Soo Cho and Antonio Strafella26. Transcranial brain stimulation and EEG/MEG, Til Ole Bergmann, Leo Tomasevic, and Hartwig R. SiebnerSection IV: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Perception and Cognition, Vincent Walsh27. Higher level vision, David Pitcher28. Attention and spatial cognition, Amanda Ellison29. Decision Making, Gábor Csifcsák, Matthias Mittner, and Birte U. Forstmann30. Numerical Cognition, Marinella Cappelletti and Maria Silvia Saccani31. State-dependent studies on perception and cognition, Juha SilvantoSection V: Noninvasive brain stimulation in learning and memory, Eric Wasserman32. rTMS and implicit learning, Michael V. Freedberg and Eric Wassermann33. Effects of electrical brain stimulation on motor learning, Anke Ninija Karabanov, Elinor Tzvi-Minker34. Transcranial stimulation of episodic memory networks, Melissa Habscher and Joel L. Voss35. Working memory, Bradley R. Postle, Eva Feredoes, and Jeffrey S. Johnson36. Computational Neurostimulation, Ainslie Johnstone, James J. Bonaiuto, and Sven Bestmann37. Ethical Issues in Transcranial Stimulation for Enhancement, Anita S. JwaSection VI: Therapeutic Applications of Transcranial Stimulation, Sarah Lisanby38. New developments in the treatment of depression with tDCS, Colleen Loo, Donel Martin, and Adriano Moffa39. Stratified precision medicine for transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of Major Depressive Disorder, Leanne Williams40. TMS in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, Noah S. Philip, Nick Petrosino, McKenna Brennan41. Cognitive enhancement using Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS), with application to normal and pathological cognitive decline in aging, Bruce Luber and Lysianne Beynel42. Transcranial Stimulation and the Pain Experience, Bernadette Fitzgibbon and Siobhan Schabrun43. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Schizophrenia, Flavio Frohlich and Fred Jarskog44. Experimental and Therapeutic use of Transcranial Stimulation techniques in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Lindsay Oberman, Peter Enticott, and Melissa Kirkovski45. Next Generation Seizure Therapy, Zhi-De Deng and Sarah H. Lisanby