Systemic Intervention

by
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2000-09-01
Publisher(s): Plenum Pub Corp
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Summary

This book aims to rethink systemic intervention to enhance its relevance for supporting social change in the 21st Century. It offers a new systems philosophy and methodology, focusing upon the fundamental importance of exploring value and boundary judgements as part of the intervention process. A pluralist practice is also promoted, and the reader learns how s/he can draw upon a wide variety of theories and methods to maximise flexibility and responsiveness during interventions. Four detailed examples of the practice of systemic intervention are also provided, each of which is used to illustrate a different aspect of the methodology outlined in the book.

Table of Contents

Systems Thinking for the 21st Century
1(18)
From Mechanism to Systems Thinking
2(2)
From Observation to Intervention
4(1)
From Theories of Everything to Theoretical Pluralism
5(2)
The Structure and Contents of this Book
7(3)
Practical Consequences for Life in the 21st Century
10(6)
Interconnectedness
11(1)
Scepticism about Value-Neutral Science
12(2)
The Politics of Social Exclusion
14(2)
Conclusion
16(3)
SECTION I: PHILOSOPHY 19(82)
Why Philosophy?
21(12)
Two Grounds for Exploring Philosophy
22(1)
Terminology
23(1)
Popper's Critical Fallibalism
23(3)
Kelly's Personal Construct Theory
26(1)
Habermas's Three Worlds
27(1)
The Need for Philosophy
28(1)
The Strategic Reason for Engaging with Philosophy
29(1)
The Importance of Philosophical Argument
30(2)
Conclusion
32(1)
The Systems Idea
33(36)
The Meaning of `Systems Philosophy'
34(2)
The Boundary Concept
36(3)
The `Enemies' of Systems Thinking: Mechanism, Reductionism and Subject/Object Dualism
39(4)
The Struggle against Subject/Object Dualism
43(2)
General Systems Theory
45(3)
Critique of General Systems Theory
46(2)
The Theory of Mind
48(5)
Critique of the Theory of Mind
51(2)
The Theory of Autopoiesis
53(6)
Critique of the Theory of Autopoiesis
57(2)
Interpretive Systemology
59(8)
Critique of Interpretive Systemology
63(4)
Conclusion
67(2)
Process Philosophy
69(32)
The Problem of Subject/Object Dualism
69(1)
The Linguistic Turn
70(1)
A Linguistic Turn in Systems Thinking
71(2)
The Theory of `Three Worlds'
73(2)
A Critique of the Linguistic Turn
75(1)
The Origins of Knowledge
76(2)
From Content to Process Philosophy
78(3)
Defining Knowledge
81(1)
Sentient Beings
82(3)
Shorthand Expressions of Boundary Judgements
85(1)
Second-Order Reflections on the Nature of the Self
85(2)
The Importance of Time
87(1)
The Indeterminacy of Process
88(1)
Some Consequences of Process Philosophy for Speaking about Reality
89(9)
Realism
90(1)
Idealism
90(1)
Social Constructionism
91(1)
What can be Said using Process Philosophy?
91(1)
From Realism to Process
92(1)
From Idealism to Process
93(2)
From Social Constructionism to Process
95(3)
Conclusion
98(3)
SECTION II: METHODOLOGY 101(168)
Why Methodology?
103(10)
Why Methodology?
104(1)
Method and Methodology
105(1)
The Argument against Philosophical Purism
106(3)
The Spectre of Instrumental Rationality
109(1)
Arguments against the Atheoretical Use of Methods
110(2)
Conclusion
112(1)
Systemic Intervention
113(22)
Observation versus Intervention
115(5)
Observation as the Basis of Science
116(1)
Intervention as the Basis of Action Research
117(3)
Summary of the Distinction between Observation and Intervention
120(1)
Arguments against Intervention from within Action Research
120(3)
The Impossibility of Independent Observation
123(2)
Observation as Intervention
125(3)
Systemic Intervention
128(1)
Towards a Methodology for Systemic Intervention
129(3)
Conclusion
132(3)
Boundary Critique
135(24)
The Bounded Nature of Improvement
137(1)
Critical Systems Heuristics
138(4)
Key Differences between Churchman and Ulrich
142(1)
Processes of Marginalisation
142(10)
Is there a Need for a Sociological Theory?
146(2)
Making Critical Boundary Judgements
148(1)
Key Differences between Churchman, Ulrich and Myself
149(3)
Elaborating the Theory of Boundary Critique
152(4)
Modelling the Overlapping Concerns of Stakeholder Groups
153(2)
A Key Difference between Yolles and Myself
155(1)
Conclusion
156(3)
Theoretical Pluralism
159(12)
Beyond the Cumulative View of Knowledge
160(1)
Theory in Action
161(1)
Choice between Theories
162(4)
Standards and Principles for Choice
166(2)
Conclusion
168(3)
Methodological Pluralism
171(46)
Two Levels of Pluralism
171(2)
The Value of Learning from Other Methodologies
173(1)
The Value of a Plurality of Methods
174(2)
A History of Methodologies and Methods
176(1)
What is History?
177(2)
Scientific Methods
179(3)
Applied Science
182(4)
Scientific Management
182(1)
The Human Relations Movement
183(1)
Operational Research
184(1)
Action Research and Action Learning
185(1)
Psychoanalysis
186(1)
The First Wave of Systems Thinking
187(4)
Socio-Technical Systems Thinking
188(1)
Systemic Family Therapy
189(1)
Systemic Operational Research
190(1)
The Second Wave of Systems Thinking
191(6)
Criticisms of the First Wave
191(2)
Some Management Systems Methods from the Second Wave
193(4)
Dialogical Family Therapy
197(1)
Parallel Movements in OR and Participative Action Research
197(5)
Participative Action Research
198(2)
Problem Structuring Methods in OR
200(2)
The Third Wave of Systems Thinking
202(9)
Critiques of the Second Wave of Systems Thinking
203(1)
The Birth of Critical Systems Thinking
204(2)
Revisioning Critical Systems Thinking
206(4)
The Third Wave of Family Therapy
210(1)
Power Issues and Action Research
211(2)
Multimethodology
213(1)
A Key Implication of Third Wave Thinking
214(1)
Conclusion
215(2)
Mixing Methods
217(26)
The System of Systems Methodologies
218(7)
Total Systems Intervention
222(1)
Philosophical Underpinnings
223(1)
Summary
224(1)
The Creative Design of Methods
225(5)
The Role of Intuition
227(1)
The Pivotal Role of the Intervener
228(2)
Practising the Creative Design of Methods
230(7)
Purposes
231(1)
Principles
231(1)
Theories
232(1)
Ideologies
233(3)
Practical Results
236(1)
Learning through Reflection on Methods
236(1)
Writing Up Interventions
237(1)
Moving Away from the System of Systems Methodologies
237(1)
Limitations of the System of Systems Methodologies
238(1)
Challenging the Philosophy behind the System of Systems Methodologies
239
Conclusion
231(12)
Learning about Methodology and Methods
243(26)
The Philosophical Problem
244(1)
The Cultural Problem
244(1)
The Psychological Problem
245(1)
Proposed Solutions
246(7)
Meta-Paradigmatic Thinking
246(1)
Towards a New Paradigm
247(2)
Paradigm (In)commensurability
249(2)
Critically Appreciating Alien Paradigms
251(1)
Virtual Paradigms
252(1)
A Model of Learning
253(13)
Continuity and Discontinuity
254(6)
Philosophical Reflections
260(1)
Reflections on Practice
261(1)
Reflections on Theory
262(2)
Espoused Methodology and Methodology in Use
264(2)
Reflections on the Three Challenges
266(2)
Addressing the Paradigm Problem
266(1)
Minimising the Psychological Problem
266(1)
Dealing with the Cultural Problem
267(1)
Conclusion
268(1)
SECTION III: PRACTICE 269(134)
Why Practice?
271(8)
Practice and Discourses about Practice
271(1)
Why Practice?
272(1)
The Argument against `Pure' Philosophy
272(2)
The Arguments against `Pure' Methodology
274(2)
Conclusion
276(3)
Community Operational Research
279(10)
The Origins of Community OR
281(1)
Motivations for Involvement in Community OR
282(1)
The Breadth of Community OR Practice
283(2)
The Community Operational Researcher as an Agent
285(3)
Conclusion
288(1)
Developing Housing Services for Older People
289(20)
Boundary Critique
289(1)
The Initial Remit of the Intervention
290(1)
Phase One: Identifying Problems
291(3)
Designing the Methods for the Second Phase
294(3)
Phase Two: Designing Improvements
297(7)
Designing Organisational Delivery
301(3)
The Design of Methods
304(2)
Conclusion
306(3)
Planning for Disaster
309(24)
Choosing Methods from Just One Source
310(1)
Planning for Disaster
310(1)
Initial Contacts with the Multi-Agency Group
310(1)
Boundary Critique
311(2)
Choosing Soft Systems Methodology
313(3)
Soft Systems Methodology
316(3)
The Process of Application
319(8)
Exploring Disasters
319(1)
Producing Rich Pictures
320(1)
Identifying Relevant Systems
321(1)
Exploring the Relevant Systems
322(1)
Whole System Modelling
323(2)
Conceptual Modelling
325(1)
Creating an Action Plan
326(1)
Learning Outcomes
327(3)
Feedback on the Intervention
330(1)
Conclusion
331(2)
Planning and Evaluating Diversion from Custody for Mentally Disordered Offenders
333(34)
Diversion from Custody
334(1)
The Project
335(2)
Negotiating the Remit
337(4)
Some Preliminary Boundary Critique
341(1)
The Team-Building
342(3)
The Operational Planning
345(2)
Outputs from the Soft Systems Methodology
346(1)
Designing the Evaluation Methods
347(1)
Quantitative Methods
348(3)
Qualitative Methods
351(3)
Stakeholder Analysis
351(1)
Interviews
351(2)
Shadowing
353(1)
Participant Observation
353(1)
Documentary Research
354(1)
Case Studies
354(1)
Key Issues
354(1)
The Strategic Planning
355(6)
Critical Systems Heuristics
357(1)
Interactive Planning
357(1)
The Workshops
358(3)
Findings
361(3)
User Characteristics
361(1)
Results of Final Interventions
362(1)
The Management Structure
363(1)
Multi-Agency Working
363(1)
Results of the Strategic Planning
363(1)
Outcomes
364(1)
Conclusion
365(2)
Developing Services with Young People (Under 16) Missing from Home or Care
367(30)
Young People on the Streets
367(2)
First Contacts
369(1)
Our Initial Proposal
370(1)
An Overview of the Intervention
371(1)
Establishing the Ground Rules
372(1)
Phase One: Identifying Key Issues
373(5)
Designing the Interviews
374(2)
Conducting the Interviews
376(2)
Phase Two: Evolving Stakeholder Goals
378(11)
Designing the Workshops
378(4)
Conducting the Workshops
382(1)
The Multi-Agency Workshop
382(3)
The Young People's Workshop
385(2)
The Second Multi-Agency Workshop
387(2)
Phase Three: Action Planning
389(6)
The Final Multi-Agency Workshop
393(2)
Stage Four: Dissemination
395(1)
Reflections
395(1)
Conclusion
396(1)
Looking to the Future
397(6)
Further Issues to be Addressed
398(3)
Systemic Intervention and Scientific Research
398(1)
The Politics of Systemic Intervention
399(2)
Start from Where You Are
401(2)
References 403(24)
Author Index 427(8)
Subject Index 435

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